This is also what makes interlining and thru-running effective strategies for regional rail: demand further out in less-dense areas is proportionally provided, but as lines converge and serve denser parts of the region, routes combine to provide lower headways and higher service frequencies.

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This is why in the Chicago region, we need to be getting better utilization and frequency out of Metra’s network, which can serve millions of riders in areas with transit-supportive densities but not dense enough to justify the high capital (and operating) cost of ‘L’ expansions.

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Corollary to this is that – with notable exceptions like airports and malls – those “tails” keep falling as lines get further extended away from the urban core, but vehicles (especially rail) still need to leave the terminals at frequencies to handle the peak central demand. Lots of “empty” trains.

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When I lived in Philly my apartment faced the Delaware River and I got excited every time I saw a really big boat (or ship).

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Search for “boat” in your photos, post one

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