6) Link to the paper: Sloan et al. 2026. Sex and disease differences in patients' diagnostic experiences in autoimmune diseases: an international cross-sectional study. www.thelancet.com/jo...

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5) Limitations are that this was a online survey that may have suffered from selection bias and attracted a higher proportion of participants with negative diagnostic experiences. The authors were unable to calculate a response rate and say that this work is only exploratory.

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4) First author Melanie Sloan, previously did an in-depth study of the impact of these psychosomatic misdiagnoses in patients such as damaging their self-worth. Doctors told them they were (perhaps unconsciously) doing it do themselves. More info here: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih....

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3) The paper also cautions that this misdiagnosis may cause harm: "Premature attribution of symptoms may contribute to diagnostic delay and delayed initiation of treatment...."

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2) The authors write: "Historical biases in medicine may persist, including positioning females as less credible and 'emotional' reporters of symptoms than males. Additionally female health has historically received less research funding..."

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