The knockout is developmental, so subcortical circuits could have reorganized over a lifetime; task itself takes only hours. But another reason not to treat the subcortex as a passive substrate that cortex runs!

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Even more striking: in a maze where a single bottleneck joins two densely connected regions, normal mice favored the bottleneck after 1–3 rewards, though tens of seconds to minutes separated that choice from reward. Mutants that learned this maze did too.

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Main deficit is inefficient exploration before the first reward, and fewer of them reach criterion. Those that do learn at the normal rate, remember the maze for weeks, and generalize to new layouts.

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𝗦𝗽𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘂𝘁 𝗰𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗲𝘅 𝗼𝗿 𝗵𝗶𝗽𝗽𝗼𝗰𝗮𝗺𝗽𝘂𝘀 Cool preprint from the Meister lab. Mice learn a complex 3D maze in a few rewards. So do mutants lacking hippocampus and dorsal cortex (30% of cortical volume left). #neuroskyence doi.org/10.64898/202...

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Just looking. From a glass negative from my collection.

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